Partisan composition
All 34 Class 3 Senate seats, and one Class 1 seat, are up for election in 2028; Class 3 currently consists of 18 Republicans and 16 Democrats. If vacancies occur in Class 1 or Class 2 Senate seats, that state might require a special election to take place during the 120th Congress, possibly concurrently with the other 2028 Senate elections. Democrats are defending five seats in states won by Donald Trump in 2024 (Arizona, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Ohio, the latter of which Trump won by a double-digit margin), while Republicans are defending no seats in states won by Kamala Harris. Democrats are also defending one seat in a state won by Harris by a single-digit margin (New Hampshire), while Republicans are defending two seats in states won by Trump by a single-digit margin (North Carolina and Wisconsin).
Change in composition
Each block represents one of the one hundred seats in the U.S. Senate. "D#" is a Democratic senator and "R#" is a Republican senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.
Before the elections
Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election.
Race summary
Special elections during the preceding Congress
In each special election, the winner's term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state's government.
Elections are sorted by date then state.
Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3, 2029.
Alabama
One-term Republican Katie Britt was elected in 2022 with 66.8% of the vote.
Dale Shelton Deas Jr., a cardiac surgeon and candidate for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in 2026, filed to run for the Republican nomination in 2028.
Alaska
Four-term Republican Lisa Murkowski was re-elected in 2022 with 53.7% of the vote. Governor Mike Dunleavy is seen as a potential Republican challenger to Murkowski.
Arizona
One-term Democrat Mark Kelly was elected to a full term in 2022 with 51.4% of the vote after winning a special election in 2020 to complete the remainder of Republican John McCain's term.
In February 2026, Kelly said he would "seriously consider" a run for president in 2028. Arizona permits simultaneously running for U.S. Senate and the presidency.
Arkansas
Three-term Republican John Boozman was re-elected in 2022 with 65.7% of the vote.
California
One-term Democrat Alex Padilla was elected to a first full term in 2022 with 61.1% of the vote after being appointed in 2021 to complete the term of Kamala Harris, who resigned after being elected vice president of the United States.
Colorado
Three-term Democrat Michael Bennet was re-elected in 2022 with 55.9% of the vote. Bennet ran for governor in 2026, but lost in the primary to Phil Weiser.
Connecticut
Three-term Democrat Richard Blumenthal was re-elected in 2022 with 57.5% of the vote. Shortly after the 2026 midterms, Blumenthal announced his intention to seek re-election in 2028.
Florida
Three-term Republican Marco Rubio was re-elected in 2022 with 57.68% of the vote. He resigned on January 20, 2025, following his confirmation as secretary of state. Governor Ron DeSantis appointed state attorney general Ashley Moody as a temporary successor. Moody won the subsequent special election in 2026, defeating State Representative Angie Nixon. Nixon has expressed interest in running for 2028 following her closer-than-expected margin.
Georgia
One-term Democrat Raphael Warnock was elected to a full term in a 2022 runoff with 51.4% of the vote, having first been elected in a special election in a 2021 runoff to complete the remainder of Republican Johnny Isakson's term.
Republican congressman Rich McCormick has expressed interest in running for this seat.
Hawaii
Two-term Democrat Brian Schatz was re-elected in 2022 to a second full term with 71.2% of the vote.
Idaho
Five-term Republican Mike Crapo was re-elected in 2022 with 60.7% of the vote.
Illinois
Two-term Democrat Tammy Duckworth was re-elected in 2022 with 56.8% of the vote.
Indiana
Two-term Republican Todd Young was re-elected in 2022 with 58.6% of the vote. Former state senator Carlin Yoder is seen as a potential primary challenger to Young.
Iowa
Eight-term Republican Chuck Grassley was re-elected in 2022 with 56.0% of the vote. As the most senior member of the Senate, Grassley will be 95 years old at the time of election and would be 101 years old if he completes the full term. He has stated that he is waiting until after the 2026 midterms to decide whether or not he will seek re-election. If he wins re-election, he would be the oldest senator to ever win an election, beating Strom Thurmond. If he serves the next full term, Grassley can also surpass Robert Byrd as the longest-serving senator in U.S. history, and surpass Thurmond as the oldest-serving senator in American history.
Senior advisor to the United States Agency for Global Media Kari Lake, who was previously the Republican nominee for governor of Arizona in 2022 and U.S. Senate in 2024, has since moved to Iowa, and she is viewed as a potential candidate.
Grassley's grandson Pat, who serves as speaker of the Iowa House of Representatives from Iowa's 57th house district, said in a January 2025 interview that he would not rule out running for his grandfather's seat in the near future.
Kansas
Three-term Republican Jerry Moran was re-elected in 2022 with 60.0% of the vote.
Kentucky
Three-term Republican Rand Paul was re-elected in 2022 with 61.8% of the vote.
Following public criticisms by President Donald Trump over Paul’s breaks with Trump-backed legislation, several outlets have reported that Trump or his allies might support a 2028 Republican primary challenge to Paul. U.S. Ambassador to Colombia nominee and 2026 U.S. Senate candidate Nate Morris is a potential primary challenger to Paul.
Senator Paul indicated in a March 2026 interview on CBS News Sunday Morning that he was "considering" a run for president in 2028. Kentucky does not permit simultaneously running for U.S. Senate and the presidency.
Louisiana
Two-term Republican John Kennedy was re-elected in 2022 with 61.6% of the vote in the first round of the "Louisiana primary".
Kennedy said in a New Hampshire interview at Politics and Eggs that he planned to run for re-election but he would "never say never" to a possible 2028 presidential run. He said in a June 2026 interview at New Hampshire Institute of Politics at St. Anselm's College that he had been contacted by donors about a run for president and that he was open to the idea. Louisiana does not permit simultaneously running for U.S. Senate and the presidency.
Senator Bill Cassidy, who lost his re-election bid in 2026, was originally seen as a potential primary challenger, but later ruled out the possibility of running for any public office in the future.
Maryland
Two-term Democrat Chris Van Hollen was re-elected in 2022 with 65.8% of the vote.
In a podcast interview with NOTUS after visiting Iowa and New Hampshire in June 2026, Van Hollen said that he was "kicking the tires" on a 2028 presidential run.
Missouri
One-term Republican Eric Schmitt was elected in 2022 with 55.4% of the vote.
Nevada
Two-term Democrat Catherine Cortez Masto was re-elected in 2022 with 48.8% of the vote.
New Hampshire
Two-term Democrat Maggie Hassan was re-elected in 2022 with 53.5% of the vote.
New York
Five-term Democrat and Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer was re-elected in 2022 with 56.8% of the vote.
Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has been seen as a possible candidate for the Democratic primary. Ocasio-Cortez has seen private support from colleagues to challenge Schumer following his support of a Republican budget bill. A Data for Progress poll found her leading Schumer 55%–36% in a hypothetical primary. A poll by Honan Strategy Group similarly showed a 21-point lead for Ocasio-Cortez over Schumer amongst Democratic primary voters. In September 2026, Ocasio-Cortez said that she will decide whether to run for president or for Schumer's Senate seat after the midterm elections.
Other potential Democratic candidates include Representative Pat Ryan, Representative Ritchie Torres, and New York city councilor Chi Ossé.
North Carolina
One-term Republican Ted Budd was elected in 2022 with 50.5% of the vote. He is running for re-election.
Former U.S. representative Mark Walker, who was a candidate for this seat in 2022, has filed paperwork to challenge Budd in the primary.
North Dakota
Three-term Republican John Hoeven was re-elected in 2022 with 56.4% of the vote.
Ohio
One-term Republican JD Vance was elected in 2022 with 53% of the vote. He resigned on January 10, 2025, to assume the vice presidency. Governor Mike DeWine appointed then-lieutenant governor Jon Husted. Former Democratic senator Sherrod Brown, following his defeat in 2024, successfully defeated Husted in the 2026 special election.
Oklahoma
Two-term Republican James Lankford was re-elected in 2022 with 64.3% of the vote.
On January 29, 2024, the Oklahoma Republican Party censured Lankford for negotiating with Democrats on a potential border deal. In an interview the following month, then-former President Donald Trump stated that Lankford's actions are "very bad for his career" and did not rule out endorsing a primary challenger in 2028.
Oregon
Five-term Democrat Ron Wyden was re-elected in 2022 with 55.8% of the vote. He is running for re-election.
Pennsylvania
One-term Democrat John Fetterman was elected in 2022 with 51.2% of the vote.
Democratic former U.S. representative Conor Lamb has been seen as a potential primary challenger given his criticism of Fetterman amid discontent with the senator among Democratic voters for failing to adequately oppose President Trump and the Republican Party, not holding town halls and public events since the November 2024 elections, voting to confirm many of Trump's nominees, and advocating for the United States to bomb Iran while continuously and repeatedly criticizing Democrats such as condemning the party's rhetoric towards Trump. Lamb has been a longtime rival of Fetterman and was one of his two primary opponents in 2022.
Democratic congresswoman Summer Lee is also seen as a potential challenger to Fetterman. On June 25, Lee supposedly took aim at Fetterman by posting "2028 can't come fast enough for PA" after he voted against the Iran War Powers Resolution. Lee's fellow Squad members Rashida Tlaib, Ilhan Omar, and Ayanna Pressley expressed their support for her possible candidacy.
Other potential primary challengers in addition to Lamb and Lee include state representative Malcolm Kenyatta (who also previously ran in 2022), state senator Maria Collett, Philadelphia district attorney Larry Krasner, U.S. representatives Chris Deluzio, Chrissy Houlahan, Mary Gay Scanlon, and former U.S. representative Susan Wild. U.S. representative Madeleine Dean said she would not run if Fetterman runs, though she expressed interest in running if he retires.
Former U.S. Senator Bob Casey and U.S. Representative Brendan Boyle were seen as a potential candidates, but have declined to run.
South Carolina
Two-term Republican incumbent Tim Scott was re-elected in 2022 with 62.9% of the vote. Scott originally pledged that he would retire in 2028, before later reversing his decision and announcing a re-election bid in March 2026.
South Dakota
Four-term Republican and Senate Republican Leader John Thune was re-elected in 2022 with 69.6% of the vote. He is running for re-election.
Former governor and former U.S. secretary of homeland security Kristi Noem was seen as a potential primary challenger to Thune; however, she declined to run.
Tennessee (special)
Two-term Republican Marsha Blackburn was re-elected in 2024 with 63.8% of the vote. Blackburn will resign from the Senate after winning the 2026 gubernatorial election. U.S. representatives Chuck Fleischmann and Tim Burchett are considered possible appointees by governor Bill Lee. Former Knox County mayor Glenn Jacobs, who served as campaign treasurer for Blackburn's gubernatorial campaign, is also seen as a possible appointee. However, Blackburn says she plans to appoint her own successor to the Senate. In that case, there will be a special election for the final two years of Blackburn's term.
Utah
Three-term Republican Mike Lee was re-elected in 2022 with 53.2% of the vote.
Vermont
One-term Democrat Peter Welch was elected in 2022 with 68.5% of the vote.
Washington
Six-term Democrat Patty Murray was re-elected in 2022 with 57.1% of the vote. She is running for re-election.
Wisconsin
Three-term Republican Ron Johnson was re-elected in 2022 with 50.4% of the vote. Though officially undecided, Johnson has indicated that he will not seek a fourth term.
Former chair of the Democratic Party of Wisconsin, Ben Wikler, has publicly expressed interest in challenging Johnson.
See also
2028 United States elections
Seniority in the United States Senate